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nakanaka

A Once, a professor Romanian and Bulgarian, I can not remember, gave the course as a guest at the college of letters. He said he had heard that the opposition subject-object did not exist in Japanese, but was replaced by that of known-unknown. It was perhaps a response from me, but I did not know what to say.
Now I can say it is a mathematical theory of Akira MIKAMI, misunderstood by linguists and contemporary madness and death in poverty. His theory has not been adopted by the textbook, but many people now believe it was right to say that there was no "subject" (主语 syugo [shugo] ) in the Japanese language. The particle が shows the "subject case" (主格 syukaku [Shukaku] ) は and the "theme" (主题 syudaï [shud ]).
I will not talk about the very difficult problem of these particles this time, but those of termination. The particle-born ね is often translated as "do not you?", But some of you have probably already noticed that the Japanese often use " baby" to that little word matches "Is not it?". It would be better to consider this opposition known-unknown to understand the use of this particle.
Consider a simple example.

今日 青森 は 天気 が 悪い です ね. Aomori-kyo wa Tenki ga-warui-desu-born.

The bad weather in Aomori today, is not it?
I gave the translation "exemplary", but we do not really need to translate the particle. This "baby" implies that the information contained in the sentence is "known" of the speaker, but it does not necessarily need the acquiescence of the latter. There is a kind of "complicity" in relation to information. The Japanese sometimes say ねえ not by prolonging the vowel. This short sentence does not necessarily mean "Is not it?" But it serves to strengthen the tacit agreement.
If you meet someone in the street when it rains in Aomori, and you tell it 今日 青森 は 天気 が 悪い です ね without add-born, you might give him a strange feeling, because this statement will provide information "neutral". You'll almost always better to add the particle if you believe the other is already aware of the information contained in the sentence.
For cons, the sentence 今日 青森 は 天気 が 悪い です よ with -yo at the end is used in another situation.よ yo termination is the particle that has the grammatical function contrary to ね baby. It assumes that the speaker does not know the information given by the statement. So you can tell the phone but never to someone who is currently in Aomori. It is possible that the other is already arrived in Aomori with his laptop, or knows it rains in Aomori by the image of the webcam NTT Aomori. Mais c'est la conviction du locuteur qui compte. (A propos, on voit la pharmacie de mon cousin à la webcam de NTT Aomori; D)
Une autre particule de terminaison a -na est destiné au locuteur lui -même. La phrase today that bad weather Aomori est prononcée "comme si l'autre ne l'écoutait pas". La question that I see sô-ka-na est plus contestation que question en vérité, car elle dit "Je me demande si c'est ça ".
On connaît également la forme composée.

this movie I'm interesting. Kono eiga wa- omosiroï-yo-born [omoshiroï-yo-born] .

I said earlier that -yo is the opposite function to baby. But this sentence does not pose a real problem of interpretation. The speaker before him a person who does not know that this film is interesting. She has not seen, or she finds boring. The speaker said this sentence to another person who must know that this film is interesting. In fact, the individual has negative opinion may not be the place of conversation. Here too, what counts is the inside of the speaker: It assumes the existence of people who do not know this fact.

この 映画 は おもしろい よ な. Kono eiga-wa-na-yo omosiroï [omoshiroi-yo-na] .

In this case, the particle-na is felt as an element that closely resembles -born, but weaker. Because it requires less complicity, the use of よ な may be considered "masculine", that is to say for boys.
add that these are my personal observations.