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Iki (breath) iki (souffle )

The meeting with Chinese writing was unfortunate for the Japanese language that did not even belong to the family of Sino-Tibetan languages, but the Japanese had virtually no choice, because of the lack of other civilizations that had a writing system in the neighborhood. Chinese characters are a system that suits only the Chinese language. The potential evidence is that other nations, Korean or Vietnamese, have rejected these ideograms in the long run to adopt the analytical letters. Some linguists say that Japanese are only people who have managed to "tame" the Chinese characters. Their peculiarity is that they have used these Kanji both phonetically and semantically.
In Japanese, there are two kinds of pronunciations of Chinese characters: on'yomi and kun'yomi . The first pronunciation is theoretically true that Chinese Middle Ages (about the eighth century), and the second "translation" of the character in Japanese. It is observed that the element " yomi" means reading, not the pronunciation, which can perhaps conclude that the characters Chinese still something to read, which is always alien to the Japanese language. For on'yomi (phonetic reading), a kanji door than two syllables in Japanese, but there may be up to five syllables for kun'yomi (semantic reading) of a single sign . a kanji can have two on'yomi depending on the time of import (rarely three, very rarely four), but the number is theoretically unlimited for kun'yomi . (See Note)
In the modern Chinese language, a character represents a syllable that ends or the vowel, or a limited number of consonants: n, ng, r. But she had other syllables in the Middle Ages, which ended with the consonants: k, t, p . The on'yomi Japanese Kanji that eventually the k or t is currently two syllables, because the Japanese did not theoretically closed syllables added a vowel after the consonant. (For the p, otherwise it is a complicated matter, that I omit to mention here.)
You probably say that the Japanese language has syllables with n . But we can say that this consonant is a syllable independent except for Japanese (or a time, for those who think the term is abused syllable here). The curious syllable ん (n ) was invented to imitate the pronunciation of Chinese. If you find that the Japanese pronounce the consonants n, ng, m or nasal vowels in a strange way to your ears is that these nasal sounds have never been appropriated by the Japanese who have never constantly confused.
Reading on'yomi of kanji is 息 soku . This means that the original pronunciation was about sok the Middle Ages. But on'yomi a kanji does almost nothing to say in Japanese, except for signs which were a foreign concept to the Japanese language (for example, the reading of on'yomi 爱 is ai , love, which means that the abstract notion of love did not exist in Japan before it knows the Chinese civilization). It is generally caracère Chinese on'yomi alongside another kanji to on'yomi . For example, the word 休息 ( kyûsoku ) does the rest, which both the characters are on'yomi . A kanji on'yomi door to a stable meaning only accompanied by another kanji. A calls another kanji kanji for stability as ionized atoms. This linguistic phenomenon finds its origin in the Chinese language, most of whose words are two signs or two syllables for the Chinese, who are quite often four syllables in Japanese. Words on two (or three) at Kanji on'yomi are words of Chinese or Japanese words that were invented by the Chinese model. The
kun'yomi of this kanji is 息 iki, meaning breath. One of the major problems of writing the Japanese language is that kun'yomi , the translation of the ideogram, blurred eyes at the origin of words. The Japanese word for "living" is 生きる Ikiru (the title of the film by Kurosawa), which has the same origin as the breath iki. If we write these words in Latin letters, there was no difficulty in recognizing, but this is not the case for ordinary Japanese, who learn the words with ideograms. The son is
息 子 ( musuko ) and daughter 娘 ( musume ), whose reading of kun'yomi are the two words. The non-Japanese who learn Japanese easily recognize the common element musu ("birth [to life]" in ancient Japanese), but the Japanese are not at all aware of what these two words have the same etymon, especially since one is two signs and the other one.

NB It manufactures new kun'yomi daily, and the situation is now disastrous. The names of new-born is truly illegible. Unfortunately, there is no way to decipher the code of these young parents (who often had difficulties in schools is their image at least), so it must go ask them how they should read the name of their beloved child. (This is their revenge in my opinion, because they had the wrong notes in Japanese.) This is in part the fault of advertisers who will not stop destroying the Japanese. For example, if the slogan like "I • 爱 YOU", the kun'yomi Kanji of course, is "LOVE". It does not surprise me that there are girls who are so called: 爱 (Love ).

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Zoutouhin (gift) zôtôhin (cadeaux)

The gifts do not pleased the Japanese. You like them? Yes? Better, but the ordinary Japanese do not like them. But at all. The word
zôtôhin (赠答 品) is quite difficult to translate into French.赠 the first character means "a gift", the second 答 "reply", and last 品 "article". So that means gift items and answers. There is always a large radius of zôtôhin in department stores. This storm is the second Japanese Kanji : reply.
For what should one respond to a gift? For a gift. But what kind Gift? A Gift for the same price! So if you get someone a package of 2,000 yen Belgian chocolate, you need to make an assortment of cakes in the same price. Then, the gift giver leaves he gently on the package price in Japan? But no! it would be too rude! We need to research the price alone. But can I make him Belgian chocolate, because I know he loves? But no! it was he who gave you the chocolate, then you must necessarily choose something else! It happens with friends and family (brother, neighbors ...).
There is another code for gifts "seasons". In summer, people give gifts that are called ochûgen (お 中元) persons to whom they should for any reason to show them thanks. And in December, we give the gift oseibo (お 歳暮) in the other direction. It is quite possible that a clerk shall give a small gift to his boss as a ochûgen , and that it meets its a Louis Vuitton bag at the end of the year (it is not counterfeit, but the Japanese have officially forgotten u). Heaven, she must give him a gift as much next summer? Do not panic, the Japanese spend Christmas Eve in the towel, the counter is reset. Phew! (You can still see a strong resemblance to the primitive society of the Pacific Ocean studied by the anthropologist Marcel Mauss.)
Thus, gifts do not they like the Japanese. All gifts are a priori poisoned. As there was no concept of gifts to the West before, it generally uses the original English word "present" for the gifts that Westerners understand. So who do we give the "present"? Children by example. There are even Christmas gifts for them, but Japanese do not need to regret the spirit of Christmas, because Christmas was a pure marketing campaign from the beginning. Once adult, it's over, the presents! We must begin to read ulterior motives. It's sad, but true. A Japanese proverb says "Nothing is more expensive than free." Free always hides a nasty surprise in Japan. I add that gifts "collective" are the way to avoid trouble. If you want to give a gift "free" to someone, you buy it with someone else.
If you are resident in Japan, you have options. You can stay a stranger. You give gifts to the Japanese as you want. Do not worry, they will be glad, because you do that reside in Japan. The Japanese do not think you stand with a relationship like that they have with their compatriots. If you want to integrate well into Japanese society, you must be careful that you do. We must never forget to meet the gifts you've received, and not pass it on to someone who could understand you wrong. It is quite possible that your gift spoils the relationship. (He might reason "The gift that looks good may be a way to cut ties with me because I could not give him much.")
This is not just for gifts. For example, suppose you have kept the child of your neighbor during the day. He wants to pay you and you refuse. The neighbor may think you do not accept the money because you no longer want this service. When you move the money, you must reject it once and then accept it right away.
In any case, there are many Japanese who find these codes absurd. Like me.

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not fooling Yamato (Japanese spirit) yamatodamashii (âme japonaise)

The word yamatodamashii (やまと だまし い 大和魂) is one of the most problematic word of Japanese civilization. It is a word composed of two elements: Yamato (大 和) is the ancient name of Japan, and tamashii (魂) (t the soundtrack is in of the sequence) means the soul. This is the key concept of "national studies (philology kokugaku ) of the 18th century, inaugurated by Kamo-no Mabuchi 贺 茂 真 渊 (1697-1769), which determined the modern nationalism. Do not forget that Japan, whose origin dates back to prehistoric times has been reinvented at this time. The Japanese soul
yamatodamashii was also reinterpreted by the learned Motoori Norinaga 本 居 宣 长 (1730-1801), but the word had a meaning significantly different from the modern sense. I will first give the old sense, before explaining the current meaning. The notion of
yamatodamashii was the opposite of karazaé (汉 才) or simply zae, Chinese mind ( Kara means China and zae mind). The Japanese who were aware that their civilization was very young compared to the Chinese had a large complex to them. Zae was considered the poetic corpus of knowledge and science. But the Japanese Middle Ages wanted to believe they the Chinese were better for their ability to execute. They believed that their continental neighbors had to know, but they did not know well to exercise. So the yamatodamashii meant the practical ability of the Japanese away from the formal knowledge of Chinese.
But the scholars of "national studies" of the 18th century were not happy with their compatriots who were still in love with Chinese culture even a hundred years after the border closure. They wanted to find the origin of the Japanese before the meeting with the Chinese, and they have rediscovered the Japanese myth, which became a reality historic mid-19th century. This false story has been denied by Japan after the Second World War, but some still believe. For these scholars
philological, the yamatodamashii has changed a little sense. Its antonym is now rather karagokoro , heart Chinese ( kokoro means heart). The karagokoro love is the heart of Chinese civilization. Philologists criticized those people who kept to imitate the Chinese. The yamatodamashii no longer understood as the practical ability, but magokoro (the real heart, that is to say, the sincerity), Unknown explained by the scientific spirit zae.
There is another word wakonkansaï (和 魂 汉 才), which is the composite form of these two words. This word meant at first the need of the ability of Judgement ( yamatodamashii ) that accompanies the studies ( zae). He also changed direction after the 18th century. It will clean the soul before the Japanese largely unexplained. This is the actual meaning of the word. It is the Japanese soul, but it is inexplicable.
Since the Meiji period that begins with the enthronement of Emperor unlikely, the Japanese made another word like wakonkansaï . This new word wakon'yôsaï (和 魂 洋 才) means "the Japanese soul" with "Western knowledge". We have completely forgotten the other wakonkansaï now. Western knowledge inevitably lacks depth because it can be explained, but the Japanese soul is sublime because nobody knows what it is!
Thus, philologists of the 18th century discovered the essence of the Japanese nation as "something inexplicable." If the Japanese well-behaved shamelessly say often enough "is Japanese, it's inexplicable," Mabuchi is to blame, blame it on Norinaga.
I do not necessarily believe that these scholars have only hurt the history of modern Japan, but their yamatodamashii reinvented is the scandal of Japanese thought. After the very scholarly and thorough study for several decades, they came to the conclusion: what is Japanese is inexplicable. And the Japanese nationalists may remain on this conclusion without their being any troubled conscience.

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know wakaru (comprendre)

Japanese grammar is often poorly explained. There are several reasons for that. First, at the time of comparative linguistics flourished, Japanese was not a known language. And then, the Japanese "national language" ( Kokugo ) for Japanese Studies and the middle of this language is fairly closed. (We learn the national language schools, not Japanese. Thus, the comparative perspective can not be fed.) And finally, linguists Kokugo have the tendency to prefer the semantics to morphology.
It is often said that the Japanese verb wakaru means "understand", but that is not correct, because the Japanese word is an intransitive verb. There is another verb is transitive rikaïsuru , but this word is a hybrid compound of an element of Chinese rikaï (understanding) and suru (do). There are no words "people" who are of Japanese origin and meaning for transitive. (For the French etymology, popular words are words that existed before the renaissance that has taken over the learned words of Latin and Greek. The words of Chinese origin are the words "wise" for the Japanese.) The intransitive verb wakaru is difficult to translate into French.
If you say "Watashi-wa nihongo-ga wakarimasu " (私 は 日本語 が わかります) significatoin of the sentence is "I understand the Japanese" (the negation is Wakarimasen わかりません), but this is not a translation "grammar". Watashi wa- is the theme, and nihongo-ga is the case subject. Translation in the letter of the sentence should be about "For me, the Japanese understand (or is included). But understand the word does not reflect the true shade of this verb.
Wakaru is a word that has the same etymon as wakaréru , intransitive verb meaning "separate" exit "(this one too is an intransitive bringing a sense transitive for the French), wakéru , transitive verb "deliver", "share". Thus the verb wakaru shows just the opposite idea of the word understand. Inspiration is more anatomical, if I may say so. If the French take up the subject to understand, the Japanese cut it for that. Wakaru signifies a state where the thing is exposed as a specimen of well-carved and detailed anatomy.
If you know Japanese, it can happen to surprise you to find that they sometimes have great information, but almost trivial, and they do not know practice of reasoning logic. This is because understanding does not require global knowledge and alive for them, but it is replaced by a collection of detailed information and butchered in a sense dead, no organic link. I think that's why the knowledge of Japanese do not talk to others. This is aptly demonstrated by the people called otaku . They collect what they like, but their collection is bugger all in the eyes of others.
In fact, the word Chinese rikaï (understanding) has the same origin "separate" and "cut". But the Japanese are convinced (rightly) that the Chinese are more "Logical" than them. I will discuss this topic next time.